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Threatened Species 2016: e.T712A121745669. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T712A45033386.en.

IUCN Red List[3]. Emslie, R. “Diceros bicornis (Black Rhinoceros, Hook-lipped Rhinoceros).” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T6557A16980917. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en.

IUCN Red List[4]. IUCN. “Table 1: Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2017).” Last modified September 14, 2017. gapm.io/xiucnr4.

Jacobson, Jodi L. “Environmental Refugees: A Yardstick of Habitability.” Worldwatch Paper 86. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1988.

Jinha, A. E. “Article 50 million: an estimate of the number of scholarly articles in existence.” Learned Publishing 23, no. 10 (2010): 258–63. DOI: 10.1087/20100308. gapm.io/xjinha.

Johnson, N. P., and J. Mueller. “Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 105–15.

Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011.

Keilman, Nico. “Data quality and accuracy of United Nations population projections, 1950–95.” Population Studies 55, no. 2 (2001): 149–64. Posted December 9, 2010. gapm.io/xpaccur.

Klein Goldewijk, Kees. “Total SO2 Emissions.” Utrecht University. Based on Paddy (http://cdiac.ornl.gov). May 18, 2013. gapm.io/x-so2em.

Klepac, Petra, et al. “Towards the endgame and beyond: complexities and challenges for the elimination of infectious diseases.” Figure 1. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, June 24, 2013. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0137. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1623/20120137.

Lafond, F., et al. “How well do experience curves predict technological progress? A method for making distributional forecasts.” Navigant Research. 2017. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.05979.pdf.

Larson, Heidi J., et al. “The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey.” EBioMedicine 12 (October 2016): 295–301. Posted September 13, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042. gapm.io/xvacnf.

Lindgren, Mattias. “Gapminder’s long historic time series.” published from 2006 to 2016. gapm.io/histdata.

Livi-Bacci, Massimo. A Concise History of World Population. 2nd. ed. Page 22. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1989.

Lozano, Rafael, Krycia Cowling, Emmanuela Gakidou, and Christopher J. L. Murray. “Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: a systematic analysis.” Lancet 376, no. 9745 (September 2010): 959–74. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61257-3. gapm.io/xedux.

Maddison[1]. Maddison project maintaining data from Angus Maddison. GDP per capita estimates, via CLIO Infra. Updated by Jutta Bolt and Jan Luiten van Zanden, et al. Accessed December 3, 2017. https://www.clio-infra.eu/Indicators/GDPperCapita.html.

Maddison[2]. Maddison project via CLIO Infra. Filipa Ribeiro da Silva’s version revised by Jonathan Fink-Jensen, updated April 29, 2015. https://www.clio-infra.eu/Indicators/TotalPopulation.html.

Magnus & Pia. Mino’s parents.

McEvedy, Colin, and Richard Jones. Atlas of World Population History. New York: Facts on File, 1978. As cited in US-CPS. gapm.io/x-pophist.

Mischel, Walter. The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control. New York: Little, Brown, 2014.

Music Trades. “The Annual Census of the Music Industries.” 2016. http://www.musictrades.com/census.html.

Myrskylä, M., H. P. Kohler, and F. Billari. “Advances in Development Reverse Fertility Declines.” Nature 460, No. 6 (2009): 741–43. DOI: 10.1038/nature08230.

National Biomonitoring Program. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Organochlorine Pesticides Overview. gapm.io/xpes.

National Police Agency of Japan. Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures Associated with 2011 Tohoku District Off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake September 8, 2017. Emergency Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters. gapm.io/xjapan.

NCI[1] (National Cancer Institute). “Trends in relative survival rates for all childhood cancers, age 20, all races, both sexes SEER (9 areas), 1975–94.” Figure 10, p. 9, in L. A. G. Ries, M. A. Smith, et al., eds., “Cancer Incidence and Survival Among Children and Adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995.” National Cancer Institute, SEER Program. NIH. Pub. No. 99-4649. Bethesda, MD: 1999. gapm.io/xccs17.

NCI[2]. Childhood cancer rates calculated using the Incidence SEER18 Research Database, November 2016 submission (Katrina/Rita Population Adjustment). https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/child-adolescent-cancers-fact-sheet#r4.

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). “Alcohol-Impaired Driving from the Traffic Safety Facts, 2016 Data.” Table 1. October 2017. gapm.io/xalc.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948. Paul Herman Müller. gapm.io/xnob.

Novus[1]. Polls for Gapminder in Finland and Norway, April–October 2017. gapm.io/pnovus17a.

Novus[2]. Polls for Gapminder in Sweden, Norway, USA and UK, 2013 to 2017. gapm.io/polls17b.

Novus[3]. Polls for Gapminder in Sweden, April 2017; in USA, November 2013 and September 2016 by GfK Group using KnowledgePanel; in the UK, by NatCen. gapm.io/pollnov17bnovus-17b.

Nuclear Notebook. Kristensen, Hans M., and Robert S. Norris. “The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists’ Nuclear Notebook.” Federation of American Scientists. https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook-multimedia.

ODI (Overseas Development Institute). Greenhill, Romilly, Paddy Carter, Chris Hoy, and Marcus Manuel. “Financing the future: how international public finance should fund a global social compact to eradicate poverty.” ODI, 2015. gapm.io/xodi.

OEC. Simoes, Alexander J. G., and César A. Hidalgo. “The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development.” Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2011. Trade in hs92 category 920.2. String Instruments. gapm.io/xoec17. The Economic Complexity Observatory. https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/.

OECD[1] (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). “Why Is Health Spending in the United States So High?” Chart 4: Health spending per capita by category of care, US and selected OECD countries, 2009. Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators. gapm.io/x-ushealth.

OECD[2]. Air and GHG emissions: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Tonnes/capita, 2000–2014. gapm.io/xoecdco2.

OECD[3]. “Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015”. OECD and European Union, July 2, 2015. gapm.io/xoecdimintegr.

OHDB (Oral Health Database). WHO Collaborating Centre for Education, Training and Research at the Faculty of Odontology, Malmö, Sweden, supported by the WHO Global Oral Health Programme for Oral Health Surveillance and Niigata University, Japan. https://www.mah.se/CAPP/.

Oppenheim Mason, Karen. “Explaining Fertility Transitions.” Demography, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1997, pp. 443-54. gapm.io/xferttra.

Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

OurWorldInData[1]. Roser, Max, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina. “Declining global poverty: share of people living in extreme poverty, 1820–2015, Global Extreme Poverty.” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Accessed November 20, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty.

OurWorldInData[2]. Roser, Max, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina. “When did literacy start growing in Europe?” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Accessed November 20, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/literacy.

OurWorldInData[3]. Roser, Max, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina. “Child Labor.” 2017. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Accessed November 20, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor.

OurWorldInData[4]. Roser, Max. “Share of World Population Living in Democracies.” 2017. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Accessed November 26, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/democracy.

OurWorldInData[5]. Roser, Max. “Ethnographic and Archaeological Evidence on Violent Deaths.” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Accessed November 26, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths.

OurWorldInData[6]. Roser, Max, and

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